Analyse Diffrent Types of Business Information and Their Sources Their Essay

In Project LYD they utilize various types of business data to impart as a business, in this area of my work I will explore the various sorts of business data that exists in the association that I am taking a gander at. They are a wide range of types of business that will be utilized for venture LYD for correspondence, for example, verbal correspondence, similar to gatherings and meetings, composed like messages, onscreen like introductions, sight and sound like TV advertisements and movies. Lastly online like facebook, MSN, and Twitter. These kinds of data are imperative to an undertaking LYD as every one is utilized when various sorts of data. Verbal correspondence is additionally separated into composed and oral correspondence. The oral correspondence alludes to the verbally expressed words in the correspondence procedure. Oral correspondence can either be up close and personal correspondence or a discussion via telephone or on the voice talk over the Internet. Spoken discussions or exchanges are affected by voice balance, pitch, volume and even the speed and lucidity of talking. Verbal correspondence would be a type of outside data; this is on the grounds that you’re gathering the customer’s criticism and their opinion of your item. The reason for verbal correspondence could have numerous preferences, for instance in a gathering you could discuss the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. By doing this you can cover any worries that you have with your item, and improve it. Oral correspondence depicts any cooperation that utilizes verbally expressed words, and is significant in the business world. It is significant that this ability is done proficiently in an independent venture like Project LYD and the directors whom work structure the business, who are the most probable ones to take part in this sort of correspondence as an aspect of their responsibilities is to do the accompanying: customer/client introductions, worker meetings, and leading gatherings. Another type of verbal correspondence that is turning out to be famous is the utilization of pretend; this is the point at which a gathering of individuals carry on jobs for a specific situation. This is a decent method to prepare your disciples since you can get them to showcase a specific situation, this trains them by letting them so you as a worker what they have realized and what they bring to the table. Pretends can be very tedious anyway setting that aside its an extremely successful method of communicating as the need should arise to your crowd, pretends are utilized widely in associations to prepare staff to manage clients. Its a successful as it likewise gives the crowd to evaluate new thoughts and aptitudes that have been talked about. The hotspots for verbal correspondence could be the collaboration in client benefits; this is on the grounds that the staff part could impart to the clients verbally by call. The staff part can encourage to the clients who might be encountering issues or have issues with the item, there can arrangement and resolve the issues that are confronted. Just as this another source could be in deals, by call the business group could draw in clients into purchasing items that venture LYD brings to the table, considerably more so the entryway to entryway deals group could likewise utilize verbal correspondence to attempt to sell the items. It is significant for the business group to have great verbal capacity, this is on the grounds that they are attempting to get the customers to purchase results of them, to do this effectively they need to draw in them and get them keen on the item this all relies upon how great their attempt to seal the deal is. Another office that may utilize this is the human asset division; they utilize verbal correspondence in preparing and improvement. They need to prepare the staff, verbal correspondence is significant in this situation as they need to show the new staff individuals their activity capacities and job in the business. For instance if the staff part would have been prepared for the call place, the part of verbal correspondence will be significant in this division. Composed Written correspondence. Composed correspondence comprises of updates, reports, notices, sets of responsibilities, worker manuals, electronic mail, Internet Web destinations, letters, recommendations, wires, faxes, postcards, contracts, promotions, handouts, and news discharges. The viability of composed correspondence relies upon the style of composing, jargon utilized, sentence structure, lucidity and exactness of language. This can sort of correspondence is viable for venture LYD; this is on the grounds that you can speak with different individuals engaged with the business for instance this could be the representatives, providers, or any other person associated with the organization. Additionally you can send of messages to anyone who has joined your site, educating them on ongoing offers regarding the organization. Since venture LYD is a generally private venture it’s significant for them to create successful composed specialized techniques. This sort of correspondence is exceptionally wide spread and can comprise of customers, merchants, and different individuals from the business network. They are numerous points of interest of composed correspondence, One bit of leeway is that composed messages don't need to be conveyed spontaneously; rather, they can be altered and reconsidered a few times before they are sent so the substance can be changed in accordance with as well as can be expected be. Another preferred position is that set up correspondence gives a lasting account of the messages that have been sent and can be put something aside for later examination. Since they are perpetual, composed types of correspondence additionally empower beneficiaries to take additional time in looking into the message and giving fitting criticism. Hence, composed types of correspondence are regularly viewed as progressively proper for complex business messages that incorporate significant raw numbers. Composed correspondence includes any kind of collaboration that utilizes the composed word; composed correspondence is basic in regular business circumstances, so it is significant for entrepreneurs and administrators to create successful composed relational abilities, to profit their organization. Despite the fact that we have seen a blast in innovation over the ongoing years and the reality it’s liable to grow significantly progressively, composed correspondence is still observed as being significant in a business. Composing capacity is particularly significant in client correspondence. Strategic plans, status reports, client documentation, specialized help, or even email answers all rely upon clear composed correspondence. A wellspring of composed correspondence could be in the HR division, this is on the grounds that they have to convey to extend LYD’s partners this could incorporate criticism to clients or to the organizations providers this could include requests to and from Project LYD. This should be possible in different manners for instance letters, messages and faxes, all of which must have a decent understanding and capacity of composed correspondence. Composed correspondence is generally persuasive to the fund office; this is on the grounds that their job incorporates tracking the buys and deals made by a business just as capital spending. The entirety of this gains composed correspondence the money group additionally needs to stay with asset reports for the , Financial proclamations should be delivered at given time stretches, for instance toward the finish of each budgetary year. Preliminary adjusts are removed from the record sections to make a Balance Sheet demonstrating the benefits and liabilities for venture LYD at the year end. Onscreen On screen correspondence. This sort of correspondence incorporates power point introductions they are in fact and outwardly structured, the upsides of this correspondence is that it is outwardly appealing to the eye. This kind of correspondence is compelling in light of the fact that its not all words, there’s various components in the introduction which benefits various sorts of students, this is on the grounds that it has pictures, words and verbal parts to the introduction. Just as this its not every single verbally expressed word, you can genuinely observe it which a few people like. Significantly more so in light of the fact that it’s not all expressed you can give more consideration for more. This kind of correspondence can be utilized in venture LYD to speak with staff as opposed to continuing for a considerable length of time with words, this is progressively productive method of correspondence as its keeping them included and by doing this it catches their eye. Sight and sound introductions can be seen face to face in front of an audience, anticipated, transmitted or played locally with a media player. The communicates that are seen can be either live or finished with a media player. Communicates and chronicles should be possible by utilizing both advanced and simple; computerized online interactive media might be downloaded or spilled. A business introduction is typically done on a PC and is then anticipated utilizing a projector, this includes an assortment of media including text, slides, photographs, pictures, video, sounds, music and connections to web locales. Pictures can upgrade on screen correspondence to a crowd of people, this is on the grounds that we are bound to recollect what we see than what we hear, so this implies indicating pictures can be the most ideal approach to enable a group of people to recall the message that you are attempting to put cross. On screen correspondence could be sourced to the Sales group, this is on the grounds that when the Sales group goes to do introductions to schools for instance they can interoperate their verbal correspondence into their on screen correspondence. Rather than simply conversing with the students they can energize them about the item by improving the verbal students as well as the visual too. Electronic Web based interchanges is correspondence done over the web, a case of this is on person to person communication destinations. Since venture LYD is focused on individuals leaving school and school, since informal communication locales are turning out to be increasingly more well known each year and altogether developing in numbers. The mean number of individuals who are utilizing informal community

A Comprehensive PET-CT Database for Tracking Patient Variables

A Comprehensive PET-CT Database for Tracking Patient Variables Free Online Research Papers Theoretical: A social database was created following segment and assessment data for patients experiencing PET/CT examines. Techniques: A worksheet was first evolved to catch patient and study data which was then gone into a social database. Reports were intended to give managerial and clinical data. Results: Roughly 2000 patients and three years of information have been recorded in the database. Reports have been utilized for managerial and look into purposes. End: The database gave reports used to legitimize staffing, uses, and development. It has given research information just as clinical criticism used to improve the consideration and the executives of our patients. Presentation: In July 2003, the Medical College of Georgia introduced a PET/CT scanner in its Radiation Therapy Outpatient Center. The scanner is utilized to play out an assortment of indicative and oncology-related methodology. So as to have the option to retroactively infer inquire about information, a methods for following patients just as their individual investigations was required. Albeit a formerly existing symptomatic PET scanner was being used, just radiopharmaceutical records were kept. In the radiation treatment PET/CT condition we felt it imperative to record extra data got from the inside and out patient history and physical. Materials and Methods: A worksheet was created which permits the technologist to record a present clinical history. It was structured by the atomic medication doctor, the on location radio drug specialist, and the lead PET technologist. Worksheet passages legitimately compare to the database fields to streamline information contribution for the technologist. On the off chance that financing opens up for a PC in the hatching zone, the technologist will have the option to enter the history legitimately into the database. Worksheets are rounded out by the atomic medication specialized staff however so as to diminish blunders, just the confirmed PET technologists perform information section. Information has been gathered since the origin of the PET/CT unit in August, 2003. The database right now holds around 2000 patients every one of whom has had from 1 to 6 PET/CT assessments. On account of the unpredictability of the data to be recorded, it was resolved that a social database instead of a spreadsheet would be the best device. A social database advances exactness and adaptability and furthermore improves information input. Instead of the free content fields utilized in spreadsheets, broad utilize was made of drop boxes and radio fastens as appeared in figure 1 which give choice from fixed, pre-built up decisions. Since a patient can and frequently has various assessments, one table was set up for the patient and a related table for techniques. There is additionally a table of assessment types. Utilizing the social ability of the database, each strategy is connected to a particular patient and test type, the two of which are chosen from drop boxes. Tables were additionally created for alluding doctors and test signs. Since data is connected as opposed to entered as free content, precision is improved and consistency is guaranteed. Momentum departmental research intrigues center around a few patient populaces including pediatric lymphoma, cervical and gynecological malignant growth, and patients requiring treatment arranging. Explicit database fields were chosen to permit future connections of sickness and hazard factors. What's more, fields were given identified with tolerant socioeconomics so as to give provincial inclusion documentation to the Certificate of Need. As appeared in figure 2, pre managerial reports incorporate month to month methodology checks (figure 3), Veteran’s Administration persistent volume, tolerant socioeconomics for the Certificate of Need, and patient referral volume by doctor (figure 4). For look into purposes, study information in reports can be separated by assessment signs, sort of test, or patient sex, race, age, or hazard factors. Results: The database is valuable in giving money related reports. These reports are utilized to associate agreement charging and to screen coding exactness. Reports are likewise helpful in seeing volumes so as to screen efficiency and create future financial plans. Database reports arrange look into information on patients and their investigations including socioeconomics, history, and hazard factors. The apparatuses related with a social database give insights valuable in the distribution of contextual analyses, planning of talks, and following of research information. Conversation: The database was planned and organized to give adaptability in the utilization and introduction of data. One of the upsides of an appropriately planned database is that the introduction of data can be promptly altered. Those entering data into the database just as the people who will utilize the outcomes and reports ought to be associated with the plan procedure. In the wake of getting all possibly helpful data in the best possible arrangement, reports can be redone to fit the requirements of executives and scientists. The methodology utilized in the turn of events and utilization of this database is versatile to different sorts of organizations. The center ought to foresee the data required by the particular clients just as streamlining information section. All around planned database structure and screens can spare time and decrease or dispense with many information blunders, in this manner upgrading profitability and exactness. When exact data is gathered in a very much planned configuration, it is moderately straightforward for somebody capable with databases to deliver tweaked reports. This is particularly significant in light of the fact that clients regularly have changing necessities and interests after some time. The following are instances of reports which chairmen and clinicians at our establishment have discovered valuable: Veteran Patient Volume The repayment office utilizes this information to follow charging cycles. Doctor Referral Base This data is helpful in centering showcasing endeavors by recognizing zones for improvement. Pediatric Lymphomas Following pediatric patients over a time of years will help decide improved clinical pathways for sickness the board. Gynecological Cancers The gynecological facility is one of our biggest referral bases. This data will be utilized to separate requirements for altered examining, for example, â€Å"dual point† checking post medical procedure. Persistent Logs and Volumes Reports give month to month and yearly patient volume information in both printed and graphical configuration. Exact volume data permits us to extend staffing necessities and timetable framework upkeep. The printout likewise gives a printed version back-up of priceless information. Radiation Treatment Planning By following the convention utilized for every patient, results are improved by reflectively dissecting clinical patient administration. End: This database has furnished clinic organization with exact and convenient reports to legitimize staffing, consumptions, and development. It has furnished our doctors with a plenty of research information and has given our technologists a strategy for correlative speculation in the consideration and the executives of our patients. As volume expands, the requirement for exact, effectively open data turns out to be progressively significant. The database is as a rule consistently adjusted and new reports are being created to improve the board and research capacities. Utilization of a PET/CT following database ought to demonstrate accommodating to different offices to misuse the capability of this innovation. References: 1. Gardner WD. Bosom Cancer Database Provides Faster Access To Patient Records. InformationWeek Web webpage. 2005. Accessible at: informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=NBXENMVY3EP5AQSNDBGCKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=174400322. Gotten to April 28, 2007. 2. Johnson S, Paul T, Khenia A. Conventional Database Design for Patient Management Information. American Medical Informatics Association Web website. Accessible at: amia.org/bars/symposia/D004062.PDF. Gotten to April 28, 2007. 3. Friedman C, Hripcsak G, Johnson SB, Cimino JJ, Clayton PD. A Generalized Relational Scheme for an Integrated Clinical Patient Database. Procedures of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Washington, D.C. 1990. 4. Essin DJ, Lincoln TL. Actualizing a Low-cost Computer-based Patient Record: A controlled jargon lessens database structure multifaceted nature. In: Gardner R, ed. Nineteenth Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1995:431-5. Research Papers on A Comprehensive PET-CT Database for Tracking Patient VariablesArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part OneThe Fifth HorsemanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paper

Questions of Travel

Questions of Travel 1,126 students joined the Institute as freshman in the fall of 2011. One of them was Spencer Wilson, a young man from the small town of Moultrie, Georgia, where he and his carpenter dad worked on a lot of projects, including  Gus the Bus, a 1967 Volkswagen bus that Spencer spent five years rebuilding in his backyard. Spencer sent us the equivalent of a Maker Portfolio documenting his work completely rebuilding Gus, which (he told us) he planned to drive to Cambridge if admitted. I still have the first email I ever exchanged with Spencer, the day after we admitted him in March of 2011. And change his life did. After five years of hacking around with old car parts in his backyard, Spencer spent four years at MIT working at companies like WiTricity  and OtherLab, and researching at the Center for Bits and Atoms.  In June, Spencer graduated with a degree in Course 2 (Mechanical Engineering) and a minor in Comparative Media Studies, with a perfect 5.0 GPA. And, shortly after graduation, he  flew across the Atlantic  to begin his studies as a  Marshall Scholar. The Marshall Scholarship is  the most selective graduate fellowship available to American undergraduates. Students must be supported by their alma mater in this case, by MITS Global Education  office   and then undergo a rigorous application and interview process. Last year 970 applicants were endorsed by their universities, and Spencer was among 31 selected; the scholarship will fund his  MPhil in engineering (as well as an MASt in applied mathematics) at Cambridge. Its a long way from Moultrie, GA, to Cambridge, MA, and an even longer way to Cambridge, UK; even though I miss him, Im so happy and proud that Spencer has been able to travel that road. So when Spencer emailed me some notes from his travels abroad, I asked if I could blog them to share with some of our prospective students what it feels like on the other side of an MIT education. I have posted them, unedited, below. After receiving the Marshall Scholarship to attend postgrad in the UK for two years, I faced a number of questions. This was due in part to my withholding the application process from my friends. On the top floor of Senior House, the initial round of interrogation went something like “Huh? You? Are you serious?”. After the initial explanation, the questioning turned to: “Why?”. At first I thought, “Tsk, the answer to that is both inexplicable and pointless. ‘Why?’, Well, why not? I say. To avoid confronting the inexplicable, my go-to answer became: ‘Someone gave a lot of money for me to go.’ While the answer sufficed through its cynicism, a kind of it’s-outside-of-my-control’ separation from the issue, in my mind it seemed absurd. Me? Sure, I had good grades and I work in a lab. Congratulations, but why am I going? Why consumed me. I quickly became disillusioned with graduate funding, and of the Academy in general. Imagine: finishing up my last year of MIT, stuck in a windowless fluid mechanics laboratory in the middle of the night filming invisible particles bouncing around in an oversized fish tank: ‘I can’t wait to get out here.’ When the data I painstakingly recorded turned out nonsensical: ‘Please, get me out of here.’ Why? I tried not to think about it. Commencement, a trip back home to Georgia, a short trip to Iceland (don’t ask), and a cross-country road trip later I found myself (lost) in Washington, D.C. asking directions for the Georgetown campus. Several days of meeting ambassadors, scholars, policymakers, and even the illustrious MIT professor and oenophile Linn Hobbs. Though tempted by many to begin work at the State Department, I decided it was best to board the plane heading to London. After arriving in London: another round of ambassadorial gatherings. This time, however, the electrical outlets looked different. The suits are slimmer cut, and the shoes are “a bit” pointier. The weather proved “parky” (a diminutive of parka, as in ‘I-need-a-parka’ weather), though due to severe jet lag and continuous curry takeaway (the national dish of England), the weather was the least of my problems. Flash-forward to a 45-minute train ride northeast of London to Cambridge. At the University, everyone belongs to one of thirty-one colleges. I belong to a small one, Magdalene College (pronounced “Mod-Lin”). Originally constructed in 1428 as a Benedictine hostel, the college was refounded in 1542. C.S. Lewis studied here, T.S. Eliot a Fellow. First stop: the Porter’s Lodge. Imagine a small room not unlike the desks in MIT dorms except staffed by men in three-piece suits and bowler hats. “I’ll take my key, please.” “Which room ya in, lad?” “Brights building, G5.” “Oh! Billy, he’s arrived!” the porter called to his partner. The man has massive gray sideburns like he walked out of a daguerreotype. His partner, a man that reminds me of a clean-cut Hagrid, emerged. “Aye, so he has. Which room’s he got?” “Brights. G5.” “Oof, you’re gonna have a fun time, laddie.” “Why’s that?” I asked, staring into the intricacies of the sideburns. “Well, between you me, that’s the worst room in the place. They wanted to turn it into a closet, but they heard you was comin’.” “I asked for the smallest room available, so I really appreciate it. I only sleep standing up.” Hagrid grinned; his eye held a twinkle. “He’s alright Billy, he can stay. Give the lad ‘is key!” My room looks out through its original, leaded-glass windows into Second Court: on the left stands a 17th century red brick building housing Formal Hall (full robes required to eat by candlelight), and on the right the Pepys Building, completed in 1703, houses the Samuel Pepys 3000-volume library. Designed with consultation from Robert Hooke, the Pepys Building is the crown jewel of the College. I am lucky to live “in college” opposed to in external college housing. The college gym, the college bar (yes, and it sells drinks at cost), and the college library are a few hundred feet away from my staircase. After unpacking my belongings, I grabbed a stack of books and went for a walk. Having arrived several weeks before matriculation, I had the town to myself. Walking North, Magdalene Street becomes St. Andrews Street becomes Trinity Street becomes King’s Parade. Stone, all different colors: buildings, road, chapels, even the bank is stonework. I sat on the patio outside a small coffee shop along St. Edward’s Passageway. A tiny place, squeeze between an antiquarian bookseller and the Arts Theatre of Cambridge. The barista is a young woman wearing an apron, her long, blonde hair in a loose, round bun. A younger woman emerges from the cellar holding a burlap sack; she stops, looks at me and squints. “Could I have a coffee, please?” “Would you like one shot or two?” “No, no just a regular coffee.” “Wot you mean, regular?” “Like a coffeepot would make?” The two women look at one another and back at me. “You mean like American coffee?” “I guess, just hot water that runs over ground beans and makes a big cup of coffee?” “Mm, sorry sir, we’ve only got espresso I’m afraid. But, here’s what I’ll do for you, I’ll add hot water to the cup, then pour espresso into that.” “Like an Americano?” “Yes, an Americano, exactly.” She pronounces ‘Americano’ with an ‘r’: ‘Americarno’. I should know her geographic origin based on this linguistic tic, but I do not ask. “No, no just a cappuccino, is that ok?” “Sure, that’s great. We have great cappuccinos.” “Thank you.” “I’m so sorry about that, we don’t make that kind of coffee, just espresso.” “That’s alright.” “Terribly sorry about that.” I sat down and, without looking, removed a book from my bag. I knew which book was chosen by the cover’s crease (I dropped it in LAX some months before). An Elizabeth Bishop collectionâ€"required reading for 21L.487. A great blue book with large serif lettersâ€" a metaphor for her lines, I like to think. I opened the book to a poem I marked to reread when I had the chance to sit down. The first line: There are too many waterfalls here; the crowded streams hurry too rapidly down to the sea. I watched tourists, a single body, amble down the street in front of King’s College: snapping pictures from camera slung around its neck, eroding the stone walkway. Her second stanza begins: Think of the long trip home. Should we have stayed at home and thought of here? Where should we be today? It began to rain, but I decided to wait it out under the shop’s awning. I glanced at the stone passageway in front of me, my bicycle locked to a wrought-iron fence. One stone under my bike read “1767”. The walkway was remodeled nine years before America gained her independence. That night, I met a pair of South African postgrads and went with them to the oldest pub in Cambridge (founded 1609, the building constructed in the 1500s). As undergrads at the University of Cape Town, they marveled over the research pouring out of MIT in their field. They explained the political situation in South Africa, the severe class disparity. At their university, students from schools deemed lower quality are given a number a points, a handicap, in order to compete with students with access to better schools. “In the States, that would never work. There would be riots,” I said. “There are riots in South Africa, many,” he said, staring at the bubbles in his beer. I removed my foot into my mouth. “Besides, the people from lower quality schools would never take the points.” “Why not?” he asked. “They’re too proud. They wouldn’t want the help.” He thought about this. “What did you study at UCT?” I asked. “Chemical Engineering, focusing on biodiesel. “At MIT, ChemE, Course 10, is known as the most difficult major.” “Really? Ours was very small, not many people wanted to do it.” “That’s because not many people can do it!” “No, it’s not that hard. It’s fascinating, really. What major were you?” “Mechanical Engineering.” “Oh, nice, MIT is the best at that, right?” “Well, I learned a ton, that’s for sure.” “I think MIT is the best at everything.” “It’s a fantastic place, it’s magical.” They laughed. “Magical?” “The people, the conversations, the professors, it’s a perfect storm of intellect and ornery” “Ornery? What do you mean by that?” “Jokes, pranks, disregard for petty rules.” “I see. Do you think you’ll ever go back?” I stared at my beer. I returned to my room to find a letter slipped under my door. It outlined the internet usage policy. I have a 2GB per day allowance, and if I go over this limit I pay 1GBP per GB. I quickly calculated how many episodes of Archer I could watch while staying within the allowance. It came out to roughly 3.08 episodes. I went to my small cube fridge for a glass of milk to find that it had stopped working, leaving a puddle on the floor and a collection of mushy, previously frozen spinach. I can’t say if I’ll ever return to MIT. It’s less my decision than it is the Institutes. I chose to leave, and now I have to prove myself worthy to return. Seems fair to me. I find myself constantly surrounded by questions, by indefiniteness. My vocabulary is heavily seasoned with “maybe”, “probably”, and “possibly”. Questions ranging in size and scope: what will I study? what will I eat for dinner? where will I live? That first question, the one my friends in Senior House posed after learning my transatlantic fateâ€"why?â€" hit me hardest. Perhaps the answer remains inexplicable, but it is no longer pointless. Rather, its amorphous; the answer lies in the unforeseen experiences that make up each day. Unplanned, indefinite, opening books to read a random page. The last lines of Bishop’s poem: Is it lack of imagination that makes us come to imagined places, not just stay at home? Or could Pascal have been not entirely right about just sitting quietly in one’s room? Continent, city, country, society: the choice is never wide and never free. And here, or there…No. Should we have stayed at home, wherever that may be? I miss MIT. I miss the community, the atmosphere, and the free WiFi. If you’re there now, enjoy it any way you can, devour it. Let it be the center of your universe, like it was for me. Longing means you’re feeling something, and sometimes your feelings are turbid, like the Charles. Ask why, but don’t always expect a clear answer. Some answers must be “inexplicable stonework, inexplicable and impenetrable”.

The Puritan Society Of The Salem Witch Trials - 1288 Words

Many innocent people died in the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts. If you were accused of being a witch or one with the devil, you would be sentenced to death or put in prison. The only one to blame for the deaths of the individuals is the Puritan Society. Without their absent minds, none of the deaths would have happened. The Puritan Society is very religious, therefore they believed strongly in going to church and most importantly in God. When someone in the town noticed someone practicing different religions, not going to church, or just acting differently than others, they were accused of being a witch. Some may argue that the Puritan Society had first hand evidence of people being witches. Someone in the town would blame another person for witchcraft and the authority would believe them because nobody who worshipped God could lie. If they were caught lying then they were confronted and put on trial for worshipping the devil. The Puritan Society definitely had good evidence an d reasoning to kill innocent people and accuse them of being a witch. They actually didn’t have any real evidence if they were a witch or not. The Puritan Society based their answers off of what people saw or rumors people heard. Also, others accused individuals of witch craft if they specifically didn’t like that person. There were times that women would act as if they were a witch and accuse different individuals of witch craft and people of the town would believe them. For example,Show MoreRelatedPuritan Society Of The Salem Witch Trials1793 Words   |  8 Pages Puritan society was a utopia made of strict religious conduct and revolved around God s ultimate path and blessing. Anything that was believed to be sinful or was of material desires would be considered a sin, and later requires extensive prayer for God s forgiveness. Puritans believed that their philosophy would last forever, and it would never become under threat from both seen and unseen forces. Puritan society was formed in and around Massachusetts, and would become the basis of American societyRead More The Salem Witch Trials as a Form of Control of the Puritan Society2788 Words   |  12 PagesThe Salem Witchcraft Trials as a Form of Control of the Puritan Society The Salem witchcraft trials resulted from a climate of repression, religious intolerance, and social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and the oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and to prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. The trials ensured that the teachings of the church would be followed - anyone not following the church was simply accused of being a witchRead MoreSalem Witch Trials1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a series of trials in which twenty-four people were killed after being accused of practicing witchcraft. These trials were caused by different social climates of the area including the very strong lack of a governor, the split between Salem Village and Salem Town, and the strict puritan lifestyle during the time period. Tituba, the black slave, was a foreigner from Barbados. Her role in society was to take care of Mr. Parris’s family. Tituba’s situation contribu tedRead MoreThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1463 Words   |  6 Pagesdissention within the Puritan society: a group of English reformed protestants who pursued the Purification of the Church of England. Among these issues, is the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials that prosecuted women to be found worshippers of the devil. The Puritans found the necessity to exercise this crusade in order to stay by their moral codes of conformity which included witchcraft to be the greatest crime, punishable by death. However, the true reasons of the trials was not to simply followRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of Colonial Massachusetts1473 Words   |  6 Pagesinfamous Salem witch trials of colonial Massachusetts took place between 1692 and 1693. They involved the execution of fourteen women and five men within the brief time period. What is now the New England region had been established by a homogenous Puritan population, which emigrated from England. Abiding by a strict set of belief s, the Puritans did not accept people of other backgrounds,therefore it might follow that the Salem Witch Trials of New England were a result of the strict Puritan society, whichRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692700 Words   |  3 PagesSalem Witch Trials DBQ   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How would you feel if your life was ruined just because you were considered unfit for society? This is exactly what was going on during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Prior to the trials, there were witch hunts that caused global unease mainly to Protestant societies. King Philip’s War also contributed to this unease by pushing people from the east coast and into Puritan towns. These towns had misogynistic male leadership, depriving many people of humanity becauseRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And Religious Superstition1411 Words   |  6 Pagesseventeenth century in colonial Salem, Massachusetts, two girls began acting in an uncanny manner. These girls then accused two woman and a slave for being witches; which caused the town of Salem to emerge into a period of witch cleansing. Mostly, the people of Salem were Puritans who found many different reasons to accuse one of being a witch. The start of the witch trials began in 1692 a nd ended in 1693 by Governor Phips; whose wife was prosecuted as a witch. These Salem Witch Trials began by religious superstitionRead MoreThe Main Causes Of The Puritans In The Salem Witch Trials1527 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"You’re a liar! I’m no more a witch than you are a wizard! If you take my life away, God will give you blood to drink!† This testimony is one out of the several given during the Salem Witch Trials which has become known as one of the mass hysterias to ever occur in American history. In 1692, individuals known as Puritans settled among a small village named Salem in what is now known as Massachusetts. The Puritans spent the beginning years of their settlement confronted with epidemics such as famineRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria1196 Words   |  5 PagesXochitl Neri Erick Felix In 1692-1693, the Salem Witch Trial Hysteria occurred, resulting in 20 deaths out of the 200 accused of practicing the Devil’s magic, a practice that women were commonly accused of. Salem, Massachusetts, was a colony that consisted of Puritans, both Separatists and non Separatists alike. From the start, the Puritans believed that the Bible was true in all aspects: every word, every idea, every thought--was true. The Puritans also had minimal understanding of science, whichRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : Legal Proceedings1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials, also know as the Salem Witchcraft Trials were legal proceedings which took place of course in the Salem Village of Massachusetts. These trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in the village, claimed to be possessed by the devil accusing several local women of practicing the craft. Victims were prosecuted and executed for reputedly practicing witchcraft, when little to no evidence of the act itself existed. This historical period resulted in twenty

Hydraulic Fracturing And Fracking A Controversial Topic...

Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking, as it more commonly known, is a very controversial topic across the globe. In the United States, its status remains the same. Hydraulic fracturing is a method of oil and natural gas production. The process includes the drilling of pipes 1-1.5 miles within the earth. After that pipe is secured and has an impermeable layer around the pipe, a tool that creates small holes within the impermeable layer is sent down through the pipe. It creates holes in the pipe that allows pressurized water and sand to flow out of the pipe and into small cracks, or creating new cracks within the earth. These cracks are held open with the sand that is carried along with the pressurized water. After all cracks have been created†¦show more content†¦The main environmental effects that hydraulic fracking could have on a local environment are largely, ground water contamination, aesthetic appeal, and the risk of a seismic activity increase in the local area. All three of these issues would, clearly, have a negative impact on a local environment. The contamination of ground water is a legitimate question to ask and concern to be addressed. When comparing conventional oil drilling to non-conventional oil drilling in terms of water contamination, the unconventional method of fracking looks to be safer. The drilling of fracking is much deeper within the earth than more conventional drilling methods. There are several impermeable levels of rock and material that prevents gas and oil from reaching the water table. With conventional drilling, there is an impermeable level of rock between the gas and oil pocket, however, it is much closer to the water table than the location of the fracking. Even though the actual location of the extraction of the oil and gas is generally further from the water table, studies have shown that it is probable that water can still be contaminated through fracking. â€Å"The authors of the PNAS study conclude that the conta mination they document is likely the result of â€Å"†¦ poor well construction.† This quote suggests that the reason for the contamination in the ground water is because of poor construction of wells due to demand and production rates. Another view comes from

Ethical Leadership Free Essays

string(53) " listed five principles of ethical leadership \(4\)\." ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP ASHISH 3/18/2013 What is Ethical Leadership? Ethics refer to the desirable and appropriate values and morals according to an individual or the society at large. Ethics deal with the purity of individuals and their intentions. Ethics serve as guidelines for analyzing â€Å"what is good or bad† in a specific scenario. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leader is person who influences the thoughts and behaviours of others. A leader is one who establishes the direction for others to willingly follow. One person can serve as a leader or several persons might share leadership. So the art or technique to do so is Leadership. Hence Leadership is about raising the aspirations of followers and enthusing people with a desire to complete the common goals. Robert Kennedy summed up leadership best when he said, â€Å"Others see things as they are and wonder why; I see them as they are not and say why not? † Therefore correlating ethics with leadership, we find that ethics is all about the leader’s identity and the leader’s role. Some of the examples of ethical leaders are Bill Gates, Mahatma Gandhi etc. Ethical leader embraces the act of service as described by Robert Greenleaf (3) in his concept of â€Å"servant leadership. † The effective leader acts as a servant to others engaged in the enterprise, not in any sense of inferiority, but as one who empowers others to achieve success by focusing on right action. Traits/ Characteristics of Ethical Leader ? Dignity and respectfulness: He respects others. An ethical leader should not use his followers as a medium to achieve his personal goals. He should respect their feelings, decision and values. Respecting the followers implies listening effectively to them, being compassionate to them, as well as being liberal in hearing opposing viewpoints. In short, it implies treating the followers in a manner that authenticate their values and beliefs. ? Serving others: He serves others. An ethical leader should place his follower’s interests ahead of his interests. He should be humane. He must act in a manner that is always fruitful for his followers. ? Justice: He is fair and just. An ethical leader must treat all his followers equally. There should be no personal ias. Wherever some followers are treated differently, Ground for differential treatment should be fair, clear, and built on morality. ? Community building: He develops community. An ethical leader considers his own purpose as well as his followers’ purpose, while making efforts to achieve the goals suitable to both of them. He is considerate to the community interests. He does not overlook the followers’ intentions. He works harder for the community goals. ? Honesty: He is loyal and honest. Honesty is essential to be an ethical and effective leader. Honest leaders can be always relied upon and depended upon. They always earn respect of their followers. An honest leader presents the fact and circumstances truly and completely, no matter how critical and harmful the fact may be. He does not misrepresent any fact. Ethical Leadership Theories Ethical leadership theories fall into two categories ? Leader’s conduct (The actions and behaviour of leaders) Consequences (Theological theories) – Focus on what is right and what is wrong. A. Ethical Egoism – An individual should act to create the greatest good for themselves. The leaders should take a career that they would selfishly enjoy. This is closely related to transactional leadership theories. For example, a middle-level manager who wants their team to be the best in the company is acting out of ethical egoism. B. Utilitarianism – We should act to create the greatest good for the greatest number. Maximize the social benefits while minimizing the social costs. Example: when the US government allocates a large portion of the federal budget to the health care instead of catastrophic illness, it is acting out of the utilitarian ethics. C. Altruism – This is the opposite of Ethical Egoism and is concerned with showing the best interest for others even when it runs contrary to self-interest. Authentic transformational leadership is based on altruistic behaviour. i. ii. Duty (Deontological Theories) A. This is telling the truth, keeping promises, being fair, independent of the consequences. B. Actions should not infringe on others’ rights and should not further the moral rights of others. ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Leader’s character (the personality and character of leaders) Virtue-based theories These are not innate, but can be acquired. They are rooted in heart of the individual and in their disposition. It focuses on telling people â€Å"what to be† as opposed of â€Å"what to do† Examples include courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, sociability, modesty, fairness, and justice. This theory is about being and becoming a worthy human being. honesty, The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership is a framework that aligns the internal (beliefs and values) with the external (behaviours and actions) for the purpose of advancing the common good. The model was created by Center founder Dr. Bill Grace based on his formal leadership research and personal passions around faith and ethics. Figure 1: 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership ? ? ? ? Values. Ethical leadership begins with an understanding of and commitment to our individual core values. By first discovering the values at the core of our identities, we begin the process of integrating our unique values with our choice-making on all levels of our personal and civic lives. Vision. Vision is the ability to frame our actions – particularly in service to others – within a real picture of what ought to be. Voice. Claiming our voice is the process of articulating our vision to others in an authentic and convincing way that animates and motivates them to action. Virtue. Understanding that we become what we practice, we foster virtue by practicing virtuous behaviour – striving to do what is right and good. In this way, we develop the character of virtue. In particular, virtue stands for the common good. Ethical leaders ask, â€Å"How are my values, vision and voice in keeping with the common good? † Principals of Ethical Leadership Peter G. Northouse has listed five principles of ethical leadership (4). You read "Ethical Leadership" in category "Papers" Actually the origins of these can be traced back to Aristotle. These principles provide a foundation for the development of sound ethical leadership: respect, serves, justice, honesty and community. Figure 2: Five Different Principals of Ethical Leadership (4) 1) Ethical leaders respect others Immanuel Kant argues that it is our duty to treat others with respect. One should treat others as ends in itself and never as means to an end. Beauchamp and Bowie (1988) pointed out that â€Å"Persons must be treated as having their autonomously established goals and must never be treated purely as the means to another person’s goals. † Leaders who respect also allow others to be themselves. They approach others with a sense of unconditional worth and value individual differences (Kitchener, 1984). Respect means giving credence to others’ ideas and confirming them as human beings. A leader should nurture followers in becoming aware of their own needs, values, and purposes. Respect means that a leader listens closely to their subordinates, is empathetic, and tolerant to opposing views. When a leader exhibits respect, subordinates feel competent about their work. 2) Ethical leaders serve others Serve others is based on the concern for others (Ethical egoism) and also an example of altruism. Example of this can be observed in mentoring, empowerment, behaviours, and team building. Serving others is a similar concept to the â€Å"Beneficence† that is taught to health professionals. Senge contended that one of the important tasks of leaders in earning organizations is to be a steward (servant) of the vision within the organization and highlights the importance of not being self-centered, but integrating one’s self or vision with the vision of the organization. 3) Ethical leaders are Just Justice demands that leaders place the issue of just at the center of their decision making. No one should be treated differently unless their particular situa tion demands it and if that is the case, then the rules for differential treatment should be made clear. Good leaders are those who never have favourites and will treat all the employees equally. The golden rule (Rawls, 1971) is to â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you† (5). The principles of distributive justice includes: ? To each person, and equal share. ? According to individual needs. ? According to that person’s rights. ? According to individual efforts. ? According to societal contribution. ? According to merit. 4) Ethical leaders are honest Being honest is not just about telling the truth. It has to do with being open with others, representing reality as fully and a completely as possible. There are times of course where telling the complete truth can be destructive and counterproductive. The challenge is to strike a balance. It is important for leaders to be authentic, but sensitive to the attitudes and feelings of others. Dalla Costa (1998) made a point in the Ethical Imperative book (6). â€Å"Do not promise what you can’t deliver, do not misrepresent, do not hide behind spin-doctored evasions, do not suppress obligations, do not evade accountability, do not accept the ‘survival of the fittest’ pressures† 5) Ethical leaders build community Leadership is often defined as the â€Å"process of influencing others to reach a common or communal goal. This definition has a clear ethical dimension. The common goal implies that leaders and followers agree on the directions of the group. Ethical leadership demands attention to civic virtue (Rost, 1991). This means that both leaders and followers need to attend to community goals and not just their mutually determined goals. Ethical Leadership in an Organization Following are the key elements of et hical leadership in organizations and these must be served in the organization to develop the ethical culture which leads to the nourishment of organization as well as of employees. Modelling Ethics If you want your workers to behave ethically, you must behave in that manner. Serve as a model of ethics for your workers by telling them that you expect them to behave in an ethical manner and doing so yourself. For example, if the opportunity to gain advantage over a competitor presents itself, but this advantage would have to be obtained in an unethical manner, decline the opportunity and stick to your principles. Giving Employees Voice Ethical organizations value all employees. Show your workers that they are more than just numbers but instead valuable parts of your business by empowering them and giving them a voice in your decision-making process. Establish a comment box and create an open-door policy in which you encourage all workers to come to you with issues of concern. Considering Impact of Decisions While it can be difficult to see past the bottom line when making decisions that relate to your business, doing so is necessary if you are seeking to establish a workplace rich in ethics. Before making any decision, consider the impact that that decision could have on your employees and customers and allow the degree of this impact to inform your decisionmaking process. Promoting Community Involvement While your business has no requirement to be involved in the community, doing so is an ethical choice. Donate goods to area charitable organizations, and encourage employees to volunteer their time. Offer an incentive to employees who volunteer, such as allowing them to do so while technically on the clock or making it a point to publicly recognize employees who are giving of their time. Responsible Sourcing When seeking goods necessary to make your product or complete the services you perform, source them responsibly. Consider where each of these products comes from, and do business only with other companies that, like you, have ethical principles in play within the workplace. For example, if you discover that one of the providers of the products you use regularly is not providing its employees with safe working conditions, seek another vendor to separate yourself from this fellow business owner who is not behaving ethically. The Importance of Ethical Leadership One of the survey conduct by the Corporate Executive Board released data showing companies with strong ethical cultures, open communication and managers who model corporate values, delivered shareholder returns that averaged 5 percent higher than peers; improved worker productivity of more than 12 percent. And such companies were 67 percent less likely to observe instances of business misconduct than those at companies with low integrity cultures. So from this example we can say that how crucial is the ethical leadership in various rganizations. The following are the some more reasons why ethical leadership is very much important in organizations. 1. Ethical leadership models ethical behaviour to the organization and the community. Leaders are role models. If you want your organization or initiative – and those who work in it – to behave ethically, then it’s up to you to model ethical behaviour. A leader – and an organi zation – that has a reputation for ethical behaviour can provide a model for other organizations and the community, as well. 2. Ethical leadership builds trust. Leadership – except leadership gained and maintained through the use of force and intimidation – is based on trust. People will follow an ethical leader because they know they can trust him to do the right thing as he sees it. 3. Ethical leadership brings credibility and respect, both for you and the organization. If you’ve established yourself as an ethical leader, individuals and groups within and outside the organization, will respect you and your organization for your integrity. 4. Ethical leadership can lead to collaboration. Other organizations will be much more willing to collaborate with you if they know that you’ll always deal with them ethically. 5. Ethical leadership creates a good climate within the organization. If everyone in the organization knows that power will be shared and not abused, that they’ll be dealt with respectfully and straightforwardly, that they’ll have the power to do their jobs, and that the organization as a whole will operate ethically in the community, they’re likely to feel more secure, to work well together, and to be dedicated to the organization and its work. . If you have opposition, or are strongly supporting a position, ethical leadership allows you to occupy the moral high ground. This is especially important if your opposition is ethical as well. You can look very small in comparison if your ethical standards are not up to theirs, discrediting your cause and alienating your allies. 7. Ethical leadership is simply the right way to go. Every one has an obligation to themselves, to their organization, to the community, and to society to develop a coherent ethical system that seeks to make the world a better place. Leaders, for the reasons already stated, and because of the responsibilities of leadership, have a particular obligation in this respect. 8. Ethical leadership affords self-respect. Because you know that you consistently consider the ethics of your decisions, actions, and interactions, you can sleep at night and face yourself in the morning without questioning your own integrity. How to become ethical leader? The following are examples of values. You might use these as the starting point for discussing values within your organization: ambition, competency, individuality, equality, integrity, service, responsibility, accuracy, respect, dedication, diversity, improvement, enjoyment/fun, loyalty, credibility, honesty, innovativeness, teamwork, excellence, accountability, empowerment, quality, efficiency, dignity, collaboration, stewardship, empathy, accomplishment, courage, wisdom, independence, security, challenge, influence, learning, compassion, friendliness, discipline/order, generosity, persistency, optimism, dependability, flexibility As a leader, choose the values and the ethics that are most important to you, the values and ethics you believe in and that define your character. Then live them visibly every day at work. Living your values is one of the most powerful tools available to you to help you lead and influence others. Don’t waste your best opportunity. Psychologist James Rest identified four psychological components which are very important for becoming an Ethical Leader and to be morally mature: moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character. So to become an ethical leader, person must have the traits and principals which are explained above. Conclusion Leadership is a privilege and a responsibility that demands a good deal from those who have it, whether formally or informally. High on that list of demands is the need to be ethical, both in personal life and in leadership. Because leaders are role models whether they choose to be or not, they set the tone for the ethical stance of their individual followers, of the organization or group they lead, and, to some extent, of the larger community. Ethical leadership requires from the leader a coherent ethical framework that will guide her decisions and actions all the time, not only in specific situations. Among the most important of the characteristics that define an ethical leader are openness and honesty; the willingness to make the discussion of ethical issues and decisions a regular part of the organizational or group conversation and culture; the urge to mentor others o lead; the drive to maintain and increase competence; the capacity to accept and seriously consider feedback, both positive and negative; the ability to put aside personal interest and ego in the interest of the cause or organization; the appropriate use of power, which is never abused or turned toward the leader’s own ends. â₠¬Å"A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world. † By Albert Camus References 1. Michel Dion, (2012) â€Å"Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership? † Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 33 Iss: 1, pp. 4 – 24. 2. By Karinlynn, Sep 2008, â€Å"Deontological vs. Teleological Ethical Systems†. 3. Robert Greenleaf, â€Å"The Servant as Leader (Minnesota: The Robert K. Greenleaf Center, 1970)†. 4. Peter G. Northouse Nov 2008, â€Å"Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice†. 5. John Rawls, (1971) â€Å"A Theory of Justice† Harvard University Press. 6. John Dalla Costa 1998 â€Å"The Ethical Imperative: Why Moral Leadership Is Good Business†. 7. Bill Grace, (1990) â€Å"The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership†. 8. Chris Raymond, (2011) â€Å"Ethical Leadership in a Global Marketplace†. 9. B. M. Bass Steidlmeier, (1999) â€Å"Ethics, character and authentic transformational leadership behaviour†. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-217. 10. K. S. Kitchener, (1984) â€Å"Intuition, critical evaluation and ethical principles: The foundation for ethical decisions in counselling psychology†. Counselling Psychologist, 12(3), 43-55. 11. P. Senge, (1990). â€Å"The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization†. New York: Doubleday. How to cite Ethical Leadership, Papers

Social Security Tax System Essay Example For Students

Social Security Tax System Essay Revamping Our Future Social Security Tax SystemThispaper will discuss the current United States Social Security Tax system, thepurpose of that system and our goal for selecting this topic. Also, it willexplain our analysis of its current standing, different ideas about what tochange in our current standing to secure and guarantee a strong future for it. We will conclude by recommending the best course to accomplish this goal. Contents Abstract 2 Contents 3 Title 4 Current U.S.A. Social Security Tax System4 Low Risk Investment 7 High Risk Investment 8 Graph: Social Security TaxIncreases 9 Conclusion/Recommendations 11 References 12 Revamping Our SocialSecurity Tax System to Secure its future Current U.S.A. Social Security TaxSystem Social Security has been around for more than 60 years. It has been animportant part of American life. It was created in 1935 shortly after the greatdepression. Social Security was created to be a protection for the Americanpeople against the hazards of unemployment, old age, and ill health. TodaySocial Security not only provides minimum protection for the retired worker, italso provides benefits for workers and their families due to death of a familywage earner or loss of income due to disability. Today there are about 150million workers who are protected by social security, more than 44 millionreceive retirement, survivors and disability benefits form social security. American wage earners and their families are protected by social security andthey pay taxes to help make the system work. There are two philosophies SocialSecurity bases its payments on. First, the system is designed so that there is alink between how much a wage earner pays into the system and how much he or shewill receive in benefits. For example, a high wage earner will receive morebenefits while a low wage earner will receive less. Second, a base for economicsecurity is provided by the Social Security system. Social Security provides avaluable package of retirement, disability and survivors insurance, whichrelieves families of financial burdens from supporting other family members. Social Security has made an enormous difference in the lives of older Americans. American workers can retire as early as age 62. At this age, wage earners areeligible to get reduced benefits from Social Security. Wage earners may wait forfull retirement age to be eligible for full retirement benefits. Currently, fullretirement age is 65, but will be moved up gradually starting in 2003. The newretirement age will be 67 for people born in 1960 or later. Social benefitspayments are paid out to more than 9 in 10 retirees. In America, only 11 percentof senior citizens live in poverty. Without Social Security benefits, thepercentage of seniors living in poverty would be much higher. Social Security isthe major source of income for about two-thirds of elderly Americans, and forabut a third Social Security is virtually their only source of income. RetiredAmericans are given a dependable monthly income from Social Security. Automaticincreases are tied to increases in the cost of living. Social Security givesretired American citizens a measure of deserved financial indepen dence (and thatmeasure is becoming lower every year). Social Security is more than a retirementprogram. It is also a protection plan for American citizens. Valuable disabilityand survivors insurance protection are given to younger wage earners and theirfamilies. There are about 1 in 3 workers who are Social Security beneficiariesthat are not retired. Monthly survivors benefits are given to about 7.5 millionpeople and more than 6 million workers and family members receive disabilitybenefits. Social Security provides a foundation on which to build retirementsecurity. Social Security, pensions and savings is a three-legged financialstool for a comfortable retirement. Unfortunately, there is only a little morethan half of all workers whose employers have pension plans; and people are notsaving for their future retirement. Pre-retirement earnings for the averageworker are about 40 percent, provided by Social Security. Financial advisors saythat the average worker will need 70 percent of pre- retirement earnings to livecomfortably. Saving is an important part of retirement planning. Social Securitywill begin mailing statements to workers age 25 and older. The statement willshow a workers earnings history, as well as giving estimates of retirement,survivors and disability benefits. This statement will help with futurefinancial planning. Demographics have been the main reason for Social Securityslong-range financing problem. People, today, are living longer and healthierlives. In 1935, when Social Security was created, a 65-year-old persons averagelife expectancy was 12 1/2 more years. Today, it is about 17 1/2 years andraising. And to add to this, at about 2010, 76 million baby boomers will beretiring. There will be nearly twice as many older Americans as there is todayin about 30 years. And at the same time, the number of wage earners payingSocial Security taxes, per beneficiary, will drop form 3.3 to 2. Americasretirement system will be strained caused by these cha nges. SocialSecurity is an economic compact among generations. Many people think that theirSocial Security tax contributions are held in interest-bearing accountsearmarked for their own future retirement needs. Social Security is actually anintergenerational compact the Social Security taxes paid by todays workersand their employers go mostly to fund benefit payments for toadys retirees. A Review Of Ralph Elisons Invisible Man EssayThe president says this course of action will keep Social Security solvent until2055. At the heart of his plan is a proposal to allocate 11 percent of surplusesto create universal savings accounts. These government-subsidizedUSA accounts: would help individuals save for retirement. A portion ofindividual savings in the accounts would receive matching federal funds. Inaddition, Clinton says he is dedicated to working with Congress on a bipartisanplan that would shore up Social Security until 2075. These negotiations willinvolve controversial issues, whether to raise taxes, slash benefits or raisethe retirement age. Some Republicans, most notably in the House, prefer thatsome of the surplus be returned to taxpayers in the form of tax cuts. Thetaxpayers would then be free to invest this money as they choose, possibly inhigh-yield private savings accounts. But many lawmakers across the politicalspectrum say that cutting taxes would be tantam ount to squandering the surplus. These lawmakers generally agree that the current budget surplus presents anhistoric opportunity to shore up the disintegrating Social Security system. Republicans have said that they are reserving H.R. 1 for legislation based onthe presidents Social Security plan, when and if it is offered. This Policy.comSpecial Report examines the present and future of the embattled Social Securitysystem. Focusing first on the workings of the system, this report explores theleading reform and privatization proposals being discussed in Washington. Thereport also features an examination of how Social Security effects women andminorities, links to Social Security calculators, polls and Policy.com featureevents on retirement security and Social Security reform. Conclusion/Recommendations We feel that something must be done to the SocialSecurity Tax System, especially as it stands now, to secure a bright and strongfuture. We feel that the Keynesian approach, with a mixed investment base byeach individual will satisfy its future. References Social Security. (1999). TheFuture of Social Security . Available: http://www.ssa.gov/pubs/1055.html. Apfel, K.S. (1998). President Clintons State of the Union. Available: http://ssa.gov/press/state_of union_ press.html . Social Security at the Crossroads, Amy Steinhttp (Online). http://www.policy.com/issuewk/1999/0306_60/Intro60.htmlBibliographyReferences Social Security. (1999). The Future of Social Security . Available: http://www.ssa.gov/pubs/1055.html . Apfel, K.S. (1998). President Clintons State of the Union . Available: http://ssa.gov/press/state_ofunion_ press.html . Social Security at the Crossroads, AmySteinhttp (Online). http://www.policy.com/issuewk/1999/0306_60/Intro60.html

Economic Ideas Of The Enlightenment Essays - Classical Liberalism

Economic Ideas Of The Enlightenment The Enlightenment is the name given to the intellectual movement that was centered in the Western World, mainly Europe, during the 18th century. The rise of modern science greatly influenced the enlightenment. It was also the aftermath of the long religious conflict that followed the Reformation. The thinkers of the Enlightenment were dedicated to secular views based on reason of human understanding, which they hoped would provide a basis for beneficial changes affecting every area of life and thought. There were many people during the Enlightenment that made an impact on the world. Many people had different opinions about what was happening and how to fix the problems facing the world at that time. One man started this change with his Encyclopedia. This man was Diderot; it was called the great work of his life. This book was a major weapon against the old French society. His book made a great impact on the people because it was so cheap that everyone could obtain a copy. With the printing of this book a new group emerged from the populace. This group, named the Physiocrats, has been viewed as the founders of the modern discipline of economics. A well-known member of this party is known for his thoughts on the old economic ideas. His name was Adam Smith and he had many economic ideas of the enlightenment. Adam Smith wrote the book Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book had three basic principles of economics. The first principle was the condemning of mercantilist use of protective tariffs to protect home industries. A tailor does not try to make his own shoes, nor does a shoemaker try to make his own clothes. (Western Civilization pg. 493) With this line of reasoning Adam Smith was saying that a country should not try to make their own products when another country can supply them for cheaper than the one country can make it. A nation should make what it can for the least amount of money, without the tariff, then trade it with other countries. The free trade principle was a fundamental economic principle to most people. The second principle that Smith proposed was about labor. Unlike most of the Physiocrates he thought that labor was a countries true wealth. Labor was the only part of the country that could change the wealth, not gold or silver. Finally Smith believed that the government only existed for three of the peoples basic needs. He thought that the government should be a passive policemen. The three needs that Adam Smith theorized were the fact that the people need some protection against another country in the case of an invasion. The next need was for justice and peace in the cities. To do this there had to be police. The very last need was maintenance. There were many roads and bridges that needed to be kept in working order and the citizens were too busy to do it themselves. Many of the ideas that Smith proposed were then incorporated into everyday living. This made the enlightenment a new place for people to live. The enlightenment brought a new life for the poor. They soon got jobs and many other benefits for these poor people. The Enlightenment brought more trade to the people. They felt that, along with Adam Smith, countries should only make items that they can do for the cheapest amount. This spread trade to many different countries that had items others needed. Distributing trade made work available for a greater number of people. Government members wanted to help their country have a greater economy. With this idea in mind they started to make jobs open to more people. With more members in the working society the country would have more benefits. There would be a larger food supply and more money going back into the economy. The government supported the people by making new positions for the needy. They did this by developing new jobs to fit the three needs for the people according to Smith's theories. The people needed to have maintenance around to fix the roads and bridges. These made many new jobs for handymen. The next need was the need

Mytholgy in the Lion King essays

Mytholgy in the Lion King essays But Simba, you are the rightful ruler of Pride Rock! yells Nala, Simbas long lost friend. Well maybe I dont want to be king! Simba says. After watching the movie, The Lion King, I realized that mythology was definitely a part of the movie. It relates a lot in many different ways. As I watched it, I took out the key elements of mythology in the movie. Im here to argue the point and tell you the reasons that The Lion King is a mythological story. First of all, one key element in the movie that I found was ruling a certain kingdom of town. In The Lion King, King Mufasa is the ruler of Pride Rock, which is the land where the light touches. Although all the animals follow his command, it doesnt mean he has a dictatorship over Pride Rock. King Mufasa consults the animals to find out what is the best result. On the other hand, In the book, The Odyssey, Odysseus is the ruler of his city, which is the island of Ithaca. When you think of a hero, what do you see? Do you see a tough, brave man doing anything to please you? If you were dying, do you think this hero would save you? When I think of hero in the movie, Simba right away comes to my mind. He took many risks a hero would do. For example, one risk Simba took was coming back home to Pride Rock. He never ever wanted to face the past again yet he conquered his fear and went back to defeat Scar and win his kingdom again. When I think of hero in mythology, the name Hercules comes to my mind. He was a true hero, always helping people and trying his best. A hero doesnt necessarily have to always save people. They just have to always be trying their best and defeating what they truly think should be. Ever hated getting tricked by someone? Did it bother you? In The Lion King, Simba was tricked by a lot of animals. First of all, Simba was tricked by his Uncle Scar. Scar is definitely a trickster in many different ways. ...

Unit 2 LS311 Torts and Cyber Torts-CASE STUDY Essay

Unit 2 LS311 Torts and Cyber Torts-CASE STUDY - Essay Example The position held in the NCR Corp v Korala associates Ltd 2007 06-3685 (6th Cir.), where the court stated that the provisions of the arbitration clause are binding in claims relating to the contract. Where the claim has a connection to the contract, the resolution of the dispute facilitated through arbitration (Miller & Jentz 2009). On the other hand, where the claims are not within the contractual terms, the arbitration clause does not bind. Regardless of the nature of the claim, it is only binding if the court must reference the contract in its resolution. The court looked into whether the parties agreed to arbitrate on such claims in order for the arbitration clause to be binding. The outcome in Baker v Osborne, therefore, would provide for the parties to arbitrate on the claims. The arbitration clause in the contract provides for arbitration between the parties concerning any issues arising concerning the contract, the scope of the clause covers the current claim and, therefore, the new owners bound by the arbitration clause, and they should not sue the

2,000 word Conflict Analysis and Research Proposal

2,000 word Conflict Analysis and - Research Proposal Example To many, natural resources are a vital resource for development and seems as the sole sure path to poverty reduction and economic growth. The increased awareness of the correlation between natural resources, security, and conflict continues to serve as reinforcement for the perception that natural resources are now a security issue (Bannon and Collier 2003 ). While appreciating that there are other drivers, this proposal suggests a detailed research to establish the interrelationship between distribution of economic resources and conflict. A succinct understanding of this relationship is considered necessary especially when formulating and implementing policies to mitigate the risk of conflict whether within a country or region. Limited knowledge of the correlation has resulted into misaligned policies and strategies that fail to achieve their objectives on prevention of conflicts related to natural resources distribution. The contemporary society is concerned that tension and conflicts continue to persist despite the formulation and implementation of conflict prevention policies in various world regions and countries. Much has been done to combat conflicts although researchers have shown that tensions and threat of violence are still high. An understanding of the correlation between conflicts and various drivers is considered as a vital step towards sustainable conflict prevention strategies and policies (Odhiambo 2011). It is necessary that the society adopt strategies that comprehensively address regional conflicts regardless of the dynamics of the contemporary world. All aspects of life are experiencing fast changes largely because of globalization. This research proposal in an attempt to establish the linkage between natural economic resources and conflicts presents a succinct literature review, research methodology, and possible results in subsequent sections. The literature refers to earlier re search studies to give insight on how different regions and

Issues of Adverse and Moral Selection

Issues of Adverse and Moral Selection MUKHTAR MUHAMMAD AHMAD DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ADVERSE AND MORAL SELECTION, AND HOW A FIRM MIGHT OVERCOME EACH PROBLEM Adverse selection can be said as the process that occurs when seller valued goods more highly than the buyer does, because the seller has the full information and understanding about the good. Due to this information known by the seller, the seller is unwilling to part with the goods for any price lower than the value the seller knowns it has. On the other hand, the buyer who has no any information about how good the product is, is unwilling to pay more than expected of the good, which take into account the possibility of getting a bad piece. It is the Asymmetry information prior to the transaction that prevent the transaction from happening. If both the seller and the buyer were not sure of the quality, they would be willing to trade based on its actual value. Moral hazard, is usually seen as services such as insurance and warranties. In this case, when the deal is done, one of the party involved in the deal (in this case, the person purchasing the insurance) may be less careful because he/she has the insurance, thus is not expected to the full cost the losses insured. Example, a person with an insurance against theft may not border about closing all what is necessary when leaving the house, here, it is not the prior information that either party has ,but due to lack of information that the insurance company has in providing and controlling the risk taking behavior that can leads to the market failure. Lets look into adverse selection in details especially in the case of insurance. Adverse selection; can also be said as the selection originally used in insurance. Its describe a situation where in an individuals demand for insurance (The propensity to insurance and quantity purchased) is possibly the individuals risk of loss (higher risk buy more insurance), and the insurer is unable to allow for this correlation in the price of insurance. This may be because of an information known only to the individuals. (Information Asymmetry), or because of regulation or social Norms which prevent the insurer from using certain categories of known information to set price (For example, gender, genetic, test or pre existing medical conditions. The last of which amount to a 100% risk of losses associated with the treatment of the condition).The letter scenario is sometimes referred to as regulatory adverse selection. The potential adverse nature of the phenomenon can be described as the link between the smoking status and mortality of those not smoking, on the average, are more likely to live longer, while smokers on average are more likely to die younger. If the insurer did not distinguish the prices for life insurance according to the smoking status, life insurance would be better buy for smokers than does not smoking. In this case, the smokers may be more willingly to buy insurance or may tent to buy larger amount of the insurance than the does not smoking, there by raising the average mortality of the combined policy holder group above that of the general population. From the insurers view point, the higher mortality of the group which select to buy insurance is adverse. The insurer raises the prices the insurance accordingly and as a consequences, does not smoking may be less likely to buy insurance (Or may buy smaller amounts) than they would buy at a lower prices reflectively to their lowe r risk. The reduction in the insurance purchases by does not smoking is also adverse from the insurers view point, and may be also from public policy view points. Furthermore, if there is a range of increasing risk categories in the population, the raise in the insurance prices because of adverse selection may leads to the lowest remaining risk to cancel or not renew their insurance. This promote a further raise in price, and so on. Eventually this adverse selection death spiral might in theory leads to the collapse of the insurance market. SOLUTION TO ADVERSE SELECTION PROBLEM Alternative solution to the effects of adverse selection to the insurers (to the extent that law permit) ask a randomely question requesting medical or other reports on individual who apply to buy insurance so that the price quoted can be varied accordingly, and any unreasonable highly or unpredictable risk rejected. This risk selection method is known underwriting in many nations, insurance law incorperate as utmost good faith doctorine. Which requires potential customers to answer any underwriting question asked by the insurer fully and honesty; if they fail to do so, the insurance may refused to pay the claim. While adverse selection in theory seems a clear and inevitable consequences of economic incentives, empirical is mixed. Several studies investigating correlations between risk and insurance purchased has fail to show the predicted possible correlation of life insurance. On the other hand, positive test result in adverse selection have been reported in health, long term care and annuity market. These possible result tent to be based on demonstrating more subtle relationship between risk and purchasing behavior (such as between mortality and whether the customer chooses a life annuity which is fixed or inflation linked), rather than simple correlations of risk and quantity purchased. MORAL HAZARD Moral Hazard is a situation in which a party is more likely risk because the cost that could be result which not be borne by the party taking the risk. In other words, it is a tendency to be more willing to take the risk, knowing that the potential borden of taking such risk will be born in whole or in potentially by others, A moral Hazard may occur where the actions of one party may changes to Sthe detriment of another after the financial transaction has taken place. Moral Hazard arises because an individual or institution does not take the full consequences and responsibility of its actions, and therefore, has a tendency to act less careful than its otherwise would leaving another party to hold some responsibility for the consequences of those action. Economists explain Moral hazard as a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party has a wider information than the other in particular moral hazard may occur if the one that is been cheated from the risk has more information about the action and intention than the one paying for the negative consequences of the risk, more broadly, moral hazard occurs when the one with more knowledge about its action or intention has a tendency or incentive to behave inappropriately from the perspective of the one with less information. Moral Hazard is also arises in a principal Agents problem, where one party, called an agent acts on behave of another individual called principal. Usually have the knowledge about his action than the principal agents does due to the principal. Usually can not completely monitor the agents. The agents may have incentive to act inappropriate way. (From the view point of the principal) if the interest of the agents are the principal are not alligned. SOLUTION TO MORAL HAZARD Alternative way a firm can solve a problem of Moral hazard is the major aspect of the insurance deals with the effect of the availability of insurance on the level of care exercised by the insured to reduced the probability of loss. When an insured policy is not available like in the case of theft, an economic agent could devoted time to watch his property. At the extreemed, he could insure that the probability of losses was zero, but the cost of such strategy would likely be prohibitive. For example, the optimal action is to be expand on effect less than that require to reduce. The probability of theft to zero and hence, to bear the some risk. If we assumed the economic agents are risk averse, they would be willing to pay for transferred of risk to another Agents thereby enhancing their welfare. This transferred of risk is obtained through the purchase of an insurance policy. In conclusion, Adverse selection is the selection before the deal or transaction is done in which the person with the product or selling, valued and worth the good than the buyer in the sense, the seller has the better understanding and knowledge about the good and buyer who with less information about the good, would just purchase it based on his own assumption of the quality of the goods. and here, to counter such problem, the seller would have to emphasize more of his products and try to study the consumer behavior before getting into any transaction. while Moral hazard on the other hand, is the situation that occurs when the transaction is done that is, when the deal is done. One of the party in the transaction. here, the person taking the risk is more likely to be the one with the full information in the transaction and acted less carefully knowing that he would not bear the full losses alone thereby, affecting the one with less information about the transaction without his cons ents. To solve such problem, the insurer has to have an agreement on the facts that, the one that acted carelessly would likely be the one to bear more losses. That would make the one with more information to be more serious in the deal and avoiding any lapses that would occur after the deal is done.

INBM Essay

Catch of the day Kalastaa Inc. have been in the local Finnish aquaculture industry for nearly fourteen years. They raise salmon and trout for local markets, and have recently negotiated a deal with a small fish processing plant that distributes under a major product label in Finland. Although they run a rather small operation, employing 16 people year-round, Kalastaa believes they are in a position to export some surplus and perhaps broker further deals with fish processing plants around the European Union. They do want to maintain ties with the local fresh fish markets, but sales have been steadily decreasing since the sudden influx of cheaper Scottish salmon on the market. They know their stock is of higher quality and could be exported abroad quite profitably. Kalastaa has contacted the government and enrolled in small business export initiatives. This has enabled the company to attend aquaculture conferences abroad and offered them the opportunity to network and make contact with DanskFisk, a Dut ch importer. Plenty more fish in the sea? DanskFisk was eager to negotiate a contract for 2 tonnes of Finnish salmon to distribute to a number of clientele throughout the country. Payment of credit was arranged by a Dutch bank. The documents required were a commercial invoice, the insurance policy, a marine bill of lading, and a certificate of quality. Kalastaa has arranged to have their fish inspected by a nationally accredited standards organization. Both parties agree in their contract that Kalastaa will pay freight to Rotterdam and will also insure the shipment. Once the salmon has been delivered, DanskFisk will assume all responsibility. The Finish Food Inspection Agency reports to Kalastaa that the fish to be exported is of superior quality, with a fat content of 11 percent. The  certificate of quality includes a code for superior quality and also states a color code that is standard to the Salmofan scale. Colour coding is a common practice in the fish industry and provides a method of standardization for something as subjective as colour. Both in production and sales, colour is the most important quality parameter for salmon. Salmon buyers can request information on the colour of a delivered lot in the form of a number corresponding to a colour number on the Roche scale. Another salmon colour reference is the colour number on the Salmofan scale. Kalastaa’s bank, acting as their export advisor, contacts the  company to tell them that the letter of credit has fallen though because the certificate of quality is vague and it cannot be ascertained if the shipment has passed its quality certification. Somethin g is fishy†¦ The documents were delivered directly to the buyer for payment. DanskFisk insists on inspecting the shipment upon arrival. DanskFisk is not an experienced salmon importer, and usually deals with Spanish Blue Fish and Irish Char. They are not in disagreement that the salmon shipment has passed quality inspection. Upon DanskFisk’s inspection, they claim that the fat content of the stock is much higher than is claimed in the quality inspection. They reject the sale and will accept substitute goods, but are claiming damages for loss of profit. Kalastaa management wonder if they need to rethink their exporting strategy. Case Study Discussion Questions 1.  Which shipping vessels would be most appropriate for Kalastaa to ship their product to Rotterdam? 2.  Describe the purposes for each of the export documents that Kalastaa need to provide to secure documentary credit. 3.  Which Incoterm would best represent the terms of sale between Kalastaa and DanskFisk? 4.  Would Kalastaa have benefited from employing a freight forwarder? Explain.

Dan Pink Surprising Science of Motivation

Dan Pink on the surprising science of motivation This pitch was in my opinion really good. Divided in three parts with a sum up at the end that enforce and give power to what he said. The first part was when he gives facts, states experiences and its results. In the second part give credibility of results fund during the experiences, explain those results and shows that most important economists of the world agree with those results and found the same.The third and last part is about giving example that are currently applied in the world and illustrate perfectly his theory that traditional rewards are not as effective as we think, it is even the opposite. Both ethos, logos and pathos were used and used at the right moment, in the right proportion and the result is that he caught people’s attention and give credibility to his speech.Ethos: His way to tell his speech as if it was a â€Å"lawyerly case† as he said it. And to involve quickly everyone he talks to them as if they were a jury (â€Å"ladies and gentlemen of the jury†) and this until the very end of his speech finished by the sentence â€Å"I rest my case†.At the end of the explanation of the second experience that gave illogical results and to consolidate his results and give his speech more credibility, he affirms that for him too that is illogical and that he is exactly like everyone in the room (â€Å"I am an American (†¦) that is not how it’s supposed to work†) This example and the fact that at the beginning of his presentation he tells everybody that he did not get good results from his law university are really clever from him. Saying that he is getting more trustful to people, imperfect side of him make him more human for others.Logos: He has a very strong logos during the whole presentation. And at the beginning of his speech he said directly that his facts are true, proved. He has a PowerPoint used only for his logos that help the explanation of e xperiences made with the candle, show the important words of his speech. He also used scientist results and conclusions given by the most important economists worldwide (such as the conclusion made by the economists of LSE). And in his third part he gave an explanation based on three words, illustrate by example and repeated several times to give them more impact on the audience.Pathos: Begin with a story, more than a story it is like he is going to confess something that he is not proud (â€Å"I need to make a confession†). Saying that he makes people trust in him, because he exposes himself. But it is fact a joke, which is also really good because humour is always a good way to catch people’s attention. And during the whole speech, he will have a lot of humour. His speech was like him dynamic, enthusiastic and totally engaged with his audience. With this combination of ethos, logos and pathos Dan Pink make an informative speech and the audience easily receives its me ssage.

Biography Writing Purpose, Criteria, and Rubric for Grades 7-12